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Confirming the Perceived Website Clutter Questionnaire (PWCQ)

Poor layout, irrelevant ads, overwhelming videos: websites can be cluttered. Clutter can lead to a poor user experience. Poor experiences repel users. So how does one measure clutter? Earlier, we did a deep dive into the literature to see how clutter has been first defined and then measured. We found the everyday concept of clutter

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Building a Website Clutter Questionnaire

Clutter, clutter everywhere, nor any questionnaire to measure. In a previous article, we described our search for a measure of perceived clutter in academic literature and web posts, but we were left unquenched. We found that the everyday conception of clutter includes two components that suggest different decluttering strategies: the extent to which needed objects

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What You Get with Specific Sample Sizes in UX Problem Discovery Studies

What sample size should you use for a problem discovery (formative) usability study? In practice, the answer is based on both statistics AND logistics. A statistical formula will tell you an optimal number to select. But the real-world logistical constraints of budgets, recruiting challenges, and time will often dictate the maximum number of participants you

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Sample Sizes for Usability Studies:
One Size Does Not Fit All

“How many participants should you run in a usability study?” How many times have you heard that question? How many different answers have you heard? After you sift through the non-helpful ones, probably the most common answer you’ve heard is five. You might have also heard that these “magic 5” users can uncover 85% of

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How Do Changes in Standard Deviation Affect Sample Size Estimation?

The standard deviation is the most common way of measuring variability or “dispersion” in data. The more the data is dispersed, the more measures such as the mean will fluctuate from sample to sample. That means higher variability (higher standard deviations) requires larger sample sizes. But exactly how much do standard deviations—whether large or small—impact

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Sample Sizes for Comparing Rating Scale Means

Are customers more satisfied this quarter than last quarter? Do users trust the brand less this year than last year? Did the product changes result in more customers renewing their subscriptions? When UX researchers want to measure attitudes and intentions, they often ask respondents to complete multipoint rating scale items, which are then compared with

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